History of the Finger Printing

Table of Contents History of Finger Prints Since 1950 Scientific Changes and Methodologies Critical Analysis Advances in Technology and Limitations of Evidence Predictions and Importance in Forensic Science References History of Finger Prints Since 1950 Prior to and after 1950 fingerprinting as a biometric method of identifying criminals in the field of forensic science had been settled upon as one of the most reliable methods of identifying criminals in the criminal justice system. One striking case where fingerprinting vindicated itself was when two men who looked exactly alike could not be differentiated until fingerprints were used to identify them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Finger Printing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They were later known to be Will and Willam West. When Willam West was sent to jail at U.S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth it was discovered that another look alike and with similar names had been imprisoned instead of the real Willam (Volokh, 1997). The Bertillon system had been used to erroneously identify the victim. However, upon a thorough investigation and use of the fingerprinting system to distinguish between the persons, it was established that the wrong person had been sentenced in place of the actual criminal. That event caused the Bertillon system a serious blow as to its reliability. Apparently, the two men were discovered to have been identical twin brothers. Though finger printing had been developed as a technique for the purpose of criminal record keeping, later centuries saw this technique being used as a tool for conducting forensic investigations. According to Volokh (1997), later fingerprinting led to the establishment of a database to facilitate their access and retrieval for criminal investigations. Sir Francis Galton, described as one whose acuteness of understanding was unequaled in the field of statistics in his time, outstandingly pioneered fingerprinting, a technique that saw wide acceptance into the twentieth century. This was after the eugenic movement he had founded for criminal identification. Galton’s classification of fingerprint patterns was into three categories of loops, arches, and whorls. This approach was based on manual searches of identifying identical fingerprints. Though Galton’s work continued to receive improvements and wide usage in the criminal justice systems in various countries, it was not until other agencies such as the FBI adopted the use of fingerprints in identifying suspects for criminal records. Computerization added impetus to fingerprinting with the establishment of fingerprint database systems. In the early 1940’s and 1960’s, data processing technologies for fingerprint imaging were developed. This technology was the foundation upon which FBI processed several million fingerprints in 1946. Using the automated fingerprint identif ication system (AFCS), the FBI is said to have computerized fingerprints into two categories. One category was for criminal files and the other for civilian purposes. This was based on the newly acquired knowledge on data processing techniques.Advertising Looking for research paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Subsequent years saw other countries adapting this system and creating systems like the 1977 fingerprint society.The Finger Print Society had an international scope. The 1977 world’s certified fingerprint system by the Latent Print Society Certification Board was established with an overwhelming vote from delegates who attended a fingerprint conference at Louisiana on 1st August 1977. At this conference, it was generally agreed that practitioners do make mistakes, concerns that could be addressed by the Latent Print Certification Board. Other later establishments included the 2005 Interpol†™s Automated Fingerprint Identification System, and the 2010 advanced fingerprint database operated by the Department of Homeland Security (Volokh, 1997). Scientific Changes and Methodologies Warden (2003) asserts that in the scientific mind of the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries, fingerprints were known to posses the unique attribute of remaining the same with time in addition to being known to be unique to each individual. Scientist had settled on fingerprinting as a system for identifying and categorizing fingerprints for identification purposes. Methods developed for this purpose included fingerprint identification, classification, capture, and detection as discussed below. Fingerprints are classified into exemplar, plastic, patent, latent, and electronic prints. In the criminal justice system, exemplar fingerprints are taken by rolling them from one edge of the finger to the other of a criminal suspect. The most frequently used finger collection method is live scans or paper cards in this case. On the other hand latent fingerprints can be made visible through chemical, electronic, or physical processing methods. These techniques exploit contaminations in the form of a stain, sweat, ink, or any kind of dirt. Latent finger prints had the disadvantage of being distorted during the collection and analysis phases. The plastic print category had the critical attribute of making such friction ridge impressions on a body. This makes fingerprints easy to collect using a camera without any enhancements. However, possibilities of criminal accomplices’ fingerprints getting collected when investigating the principle criminal’s finger prints on surfaces that have clear impressions can be done by employing other techniques. Such other methods include the electronic print. This approach is where someone sending electronic data also sends parts of his or her finger prints in the process, an impeccable source to capture and reproduce the fin ger prints for purposes of criminal investigations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Finger Printing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the methods developed that have been developed in the early twentieth century and twenty first century include the ones discussed below. This method of capturing finger print images through the fingerprint capture and detection methods involved the use of Livescan devices. This is a more modern method that provides a good quality fingerprint image when measuring the difference between the physical ridges and valleys of a finger. A sensor captures these differences from a suspect’s finger when a finger is exposed to a sensing area. The latent fingerprint detection uses enhancers which can be powder or other chemical agents. These chemical reagents produce such degree of contrast as to render a clear definition of fingerprint ridges. Among the mos t frequently used methods in criminal justice systems in the world today are laboratory techniques. This uses the vacuum metal deposition technique. The item under investigation is evaporated in a vacuum which is used in micro-fabrications. The principle processes involved here are substrate evaporation and condensation of substances. Though the resulting vapors are fuzzy, reliable results can be established from these tests. Complex equipments are used in the process. Critical Analysis An analysis and criticism of the fingerprint classification method clearly shows the system to be prone to a high percentage of error when conducting comparisons between fingerprints. This method demonstrates a low degree of clarity, less details and content when compared to the actual ridge and groves. Other methods could produce inconsistencies due to varied applications of pressure by a suspect this varying the actual outcome. The outcome depends on the pressure, physical orientation of the suspec t, and variations in the shape of the elastic skin when a finger rolls on a surface, thus leading to inconsistencies in images captured from a suspect, a view held by (Ward, 1998). An analysis of the latent fingerprint detection method indicates the method to be dependent on organic deposits such as water and inorganic salts to enhance its effectiveness. However, contaminations are bound to interfere with fingerprint findings. These contaminations result from the execration of sebaceous glands from the forehead.Advertising Looking for research paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These contaminations are further accelerated by man’s common behavior of touching the head or the forehead. This method can further be used to identify fingerprints in laboratories from items removed from a scene of crime. In the recent past and up to 2010, this method had registered a 50% success when used with other sophisticated techniques in investigating advanced crime scenes in laboratory environments. On the other hand, laboratory methods suffer from the element of unreliability. Some chemicals used in the process increase the unreliability of the results. Among the chemicals include the use of zinc and gold. The results are not specific when analyzing items from a scene of crime. This has been due to a thin layer of up to one molecule thick formed for in the analysis for detection. Further still, the method suffers from the disadvantage of the greater percentage of a fingerprint evaporating in the process and leaving only 10% of its weight. However, more advanced and complicated laboratory techniques have been developed with more reliable results. These include the fluorescent detection technique that is widely used all over the world today. This method has a further advantage in that inherent finger prints can be detected from an item collected from a scene of crime in the process of analyzing fingerprints from a principle criminal. Advances in Technology and Limitations of Evidence The adequacy criteria to convict or not to convict a suspect criminal based on the use of no-intimate methods also referred to as fingerprinting relies on the probability of the significance of matches. A study by Collins and Jarvis (2008) on the wrongful convictions of forensic science reveals the free ride this field has enjoyed for over 50 years. Systematic failures have been noted with these techniques due to either fraud or malpractice. One case study is that one of Professor Garrett. A research by Professor Garrett had led him to fail to give credit to the fin dings of forensic science. A suspect who was thought to have been involved in a carjacking incident in 2005, James Ochoa, who was later acquitted due to faults with forensic evidence presented during his trial later proved erroneous. Another instance of the miscarriage of justice was witnessed when Ray Krone suspected of having a hand in a crime was prosecuted on evidence based on fingerprints. Krone is said to have maintained his innocence despite glaring forensic evidence. This case continued in the face of incompetent forensic evidence until an Attorney uncovered inherent problems with the forensic evidence adduced in court at the time. In more modern times, the validity and reliability of fingerprinting has been questioned. The paradigms to evaluate, validate, and verify the degree of consistence and authenticity of fingerprints to assure validity of results is a question. That was what happened to Krone before other examinations were done to acquit him of the judges facing him. In addition to that, tests done to verify the validity of forensic science as a reliable and flawless method of identifying criminals has been thrown into doubt. Objectively focused investigations have revealed glaring faults with this system. Examinations and presentation of results in different lights have thrown the justice system into a quagmire of doubt regarding the incomplete and faulty outcomes. However, notwithstanding the few events of misconstrued and poorly analyzed fingerprints, success and reliability have been asserted by this science (Warden, 2005). With the impetus gained in the use of fingerprints in identifying criminals, it has become evident that governments of the world have emphasized on the use of this method to identify criminals. Fingerprinting has found its way to being the most fundamental tool for identifying criminals and the civilian population within policy agencies and the criminal justice systems. Fingerprinting has also in modern times been identi fied to be more reliable compared with other methods such as DNA analysis. The extent to which this method could be relied upon facilitated the formation of international organizations such as the International Association for Identification. This facilitated the birth of other forensic disciplines with different certification programs. Several instances have discredited and reduced the confidence and reliability of forensic methods for criminal convictions and acquittals. One of these was a case involving Brandon Mayfield. During the Madrid bombing, Mayfield the lawyer was identified to be one of the criminal perpetrators. This error was based on a finger print match by the FBI. To assert his involvement, matches were shown to be completely positive. The Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) had been used to analyze the fingerprints. However, the Spanish National Police’s identification system found Mayfield to be the wrong suspect. Mayfield had already spent tw o weeks in police custody. Wasby (1983) presents a case that involved Renà © Ramà ³n Sà ¡nchez. On July 1995, the immigrant was charged with driving while under the influence of intoxicants. At the same time, a man known as Leo Rosario convicted of trafficking in cocaine had his fingerprints being processed concurrently with those of Sà ¡nchez which had been placed on a card with the name social security number. Then, on 11th October, 2010 while returning from Jamaica, Sà ¡nchez whose physical descriptions were not anywhere near those of Rosario was mistakenly apprehended by policy who were satisfied they had held Rosario. However, Sà ¡nchez was later released after having spent time in police custody. Zalman (2005) asserts that several other cases such as that of Stephan Cowans who was mistakenly convicted of attempted murder in 1997 had been identified. The conviction was based on the testimony of a witness, a fingerprint on a glass the purported criminal had drunk from. It was until DNA evidence was adduced in court that Cowan was released from prison after six years in jail. Sadly, Cowan died a few years later. Predictions and Importance in Forensic Science Forensic science plays a key role in the criminal justice system. Certain cases require minute details that can only be made available through the advanced use of forensic science. The field has over the centuries grown in importance with more advanced techniques being developed to enable investigators pin point actual criminals from scanty evidence for all law enforcement agencies. However, forensic science suffers from severe limitations. Among them is the reliability and validity of findings. In addition to that, some individuals mutilate their fingerprints when under investigations to destroy evidence. Investigators are prone to make errors as evidenced in the above case studies, an error that can lead one to erroneously serve a jail sentence. References Collins, J Jarvis, J. (2008). Crime La b Report. Media and Public Policy Analysis for the Forensic Science Community. The Wrongful Conviction of Forensic Science. Vollen, L., Eggers, D. (Eds.). (2005). Surviving justice: America’s wrongfully convicted and  exonerated. San Francisco: McSweeny’s. Volokh, A. (1997). Aside: n guilty men. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 146, 173-216. Ward, J. D. (1998). Public policy entrepreneur. In J. M. Shafritz (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of  public policy and administration (Vol. 3, pp. 1850-1851). Boulder, CO: Westview. Warden, R. (2003). The revolutionary role of journalism in identifying and rectifying wrongful convictions. UMKC Law Review, 70, 803. Warden, R. (2005). Illinois death penalty reform: How it happened, what it promises. Journal of Criminal  Law Criminology, 95, 381-426. Wasby, S. L. (1983). Interest groups in court: Race relations litigation. In A. J. Cigler B. A. Loomis (Eds.), Interest group politics (pp. 251-274). Washington DC: CQ Press. Zalman, M. (2005). Cautionary notes on commission recommendations: A public policy approach to wrongful convictions. Criminal Law Bulletin, 41(2), 169-194. This research paper on History of the Finger Printing was written and submitted by user Demetrius T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Inequalities in Health and Social Care Essays

Inequalities in Health and Social Care Essays Inequalities in Health and Social Care Essay Inequalities in Health and Social Care Essay This essay will discourse the relationship between societal inequalities and wellness attention, and how these inequalities affect the quality and measure of attention provided. To get down with, this will be looked at in footings of poorness and its consequence on wellness and so ways in which these inequalities can be challenged. Inequality has a profound consequence on the criterion of attention provided and besides the sum of services provided. Different societal groups can frequently happen a considerable fluctuation in the services provided to them from others. Entree to attention is besides greatly affected by societal background. Poverty is a manner of depicting people whose living conditions are hapless due to the fortunes they are subjected to, these include: instruction, lodging and employment. ‘People are said to be in poorness if they lack the resources for the diet, activities, populating conditions and comfortss that are usual for the society in which they live and are excluded from normal societal activities ( Townsend 1979 ) . This suggests poorness has a big consequence on how people can interact within their community, and is really damaging to there every twenty-four hours lifestyle. A batch of the factors that cause poorness are out of the persons control, or can no longer be changed, and they really have no power to alter their state of affairs. This can do an unbreakable rhythm maintaining them and their household trapped in poorness. Employment position which will take to households being in a hapless fiscal province has a immense affect on the quality of wellness. ‘There is a strong relationship between how long people live and the nature of their occupations ( Office for National Statistics 2004 ) . The information showed that there was a important difference in life anticipation for those in ‘Professional occupations to those in ‘Unskilled occupations. This suggests physical wellness is greatly affected by low paid employment and unemployment. Low degree employment will hold an impact on their ability to better their lodging and wo nt back up healthy life conditions, such as diet and cleanliness, ensuing in a damaging consequence on wellness. Poverty will frequently besides be seen by hapless lodging and life conditions, which is linked with employment position. ‘Those populating with low income are more likely to endure from poorness ( Borton 2009 ) . Poor living conditions affect the criterion of their lodging and the community in which they are portion of. Families will frequently be unable to afford proper comfortss such as warming and kids may hold to portion suites. The crowded conditions and deficiency of warming will advance hapless wellness as it becomes easier for unwellness to distribute in these fortunes. Whereas those who do nt populate in poorness will be able to afford lodging, nutrient and nice life conditions and this means they are really likely to populate a much healthier lifestyle than those in poorness. Certain societal groups can be more at hazard of poorness and this can do it more hard for them to get away. Age can hold a big bearing on poorness and the aged are by and large at a higher hazard. The aged are already at a higher hazard of wellness jobs but populating in poorness can increase this hazard even further. Different cultural groups are besides seen to be at an increased hazard of poorness. Poverty rates vary well between cultural groups, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Black Africans have the highest whereas White British have the lowest ( Palmer and Kenway 2007 ) . These statistics are based on income poorness but suggest that being from a different cultural background has a big consequence on your opportunities of life in poorness. This is hard to explicate but could be to make with in-migration and other things such as hapless instruction and an inability to pass on efficaciously. Family construction and age are the most likely causes of these differences. The impact of poorness on wellness can be rather profound. A hapless life environment can impact nutrition and in the immature could take to malnutrition and certain alimentary lacks. Malnutrition becomes more evident in countries that suffer from urban poorness ( Amis 1995 ) . Although this information is old the status of malnutrition in countries of poorness is hard to change by reversal. It would merely be reversed if there was a alteration in income position or a decrease in life costs. Therefore poorness and employment position still has an impact on nutritionary position. Unemployment may do mental wellness issues for those it affects. The hunt for work can hold tonss of exclusion and rejection ; this may take to feelings of insufficiency and could do depression. There is statistical cogent evidence that in the unemployed there is an increased rate of psychological symptoms that are medically important ( Montgomery, S. M. et Al 1999 ) . This means those who are unemployed are at a higher hazard of developing mental wellness jobs than those in steady employment. As employment is linked to poverty this shows that people in poorness will be at an increased hazard of mental wellness jobs. Relaxation is an of import portion of a individual s life and is really of import for healthy life. The emphasis of a life in poorness can do this all the more of import. However due to fiscal fortunes the activities they chose will frequently be damaging to wellness but are all they can afford. Leaving instruction early and a deprived life class increase the rates of smoke ( Graham, H. Et Al. 2006 ) . These are two of the facets that cause poorness and are linked to increased rates of smoking this means that there will be an addition in long term unwellness in poorness caused by the effects of smoke and inactive smoke. Alcoholism is besides strongly linked with poorness and will besides do long term wellness issues, due to the opprobrious imbibing and its damaging effects on the liver and other variety meats. Access to wellness attention is besides affected by poorness, as deprived countries are nt really attractive countries to work for wellness attention professionals. ‘For these populations entree to preventative steps and medical or surgical interventions is really frequently delayed ( UEMO 2009 ) . Decreased entree to wellness attention means certain intervention will be hard to obtain. This will halt people in poorness being supplied with quality and appropriate attention, doing an addition in illness and complications from minor jobs. A batch of societal attitudes towards people who live in poorness are really negative. ‘Discrimination is sometimes based on positions that people populating in poorness are inferior or of lesser value ( Killeen 2008 ) . These attitudes have led to the thought of ‘povertyism ( Killeen 2008 ) . These are the attitudes that those who are in poorness are ‘unemployable and ‘lazy . These are really typical stereotypes and necessitate to be challenged within communities. Attitudes can attest within the wellness attention puting and necessitate to be removed to guarantee all patients are being treated every bit. To efficaciously assist those populating in poorness these attitudes need to be challenged. This can all get down in a state of affairs of professional pattern, by guaranting all those in our attention are treated every bit. This requires us as professionals to provide entree to services for all particularly those at a disadvantage. Challenging attitudes in the community is more hard as single professionals but if any negative attitudes are voiced by patients these can be stopped, by explicating how some may happen them violative. As a squad of professionals attitudes can be worked on as a unit by seeking to alter peoples sentiments. This can be done by making services to undertake things such as unemployment in certain countries. Enterprises like this will work to alter negative attitudes and alter the manner people are treated. As a physical therapist when working with people in poorness it is of import to admit the emphasis and strain this will hold on a service user. When working with an single hearing to them can be a great aid and let them to alleviate a batch of mental emphasis. The patient may voice certain issues that they may non hold a full apprehension of and referral to assorted services so becomes utile. Referral to these services may so let them to happen ways to better their life conditions and fortunes. The job of hapless nutrition in kids, for illustration, could be helped by referral to a pediatric dietitian. This referral allows the parents of a household in poorness to go better educated and better the wellness of their kids in the short and long term. Peoples who live in poorness will normally be portion of a community in similar fortunes. When supplying services as a professional this information can be used to assist patients in their intervention by leting them to interact in groups. In physiotherapy pattern group work is frequently used in rehabilitation and other interventions. ‘It can be used in single or group therapy ( Carlisle 2008 ) . When utilizing group therapy it would be good to group people from similar fortunes together. The patients are so able to portion state of affairss and thoughts with each other that are relevant. This could include urging services to each other that are good or merely being able to socialize with other people who understand their state of affairs better than the physical therapist might. Group treatments will besides profit the mental provinces of patients as they can portion and learn from each other s experiences. This will let patients who are perchance experiencing somewhat depressed to experience hopeful and optimistic about their hereafter by speaking to person who has been through the same thing. These grounds make group intervention physical therapy valuable for assisting patients who suffer some signifier of societal inequality. By look intoing societal inequalities and associating those to certain wellness issues, the services that are provided can so be altered to accommodate local fortunes. When looking at service proviso tendencies in illness relating to the community need to be considered. Using poorness as the illustration, these countries have higher rates of unwellness than those countries non populating in poorness. Therefore accessible services should be directed at the countries in poorness. Poverty besides shows strong links with hapless mental wellness, so services like reding should be readily available. Other issues like smoke and imbibing are common in poorness and would besides necessitate service proviso. The type of people who live in poorness besides needs to be looked at when sing service proviso, for illustration the figure of aged people. Their age would be a confining factor for them accessing any services. These thoughts can be applied to any societal inequality, where probe will let the correct services to be provided in the right countries. The services required will differ for different inequalities but the principal is the same for those who live in poorness. Looking into societal inequality it s clear that societal exclusion can hold a really negative on wellness attention. This is caused by the attitudes of society as a whole and the services that are provided in countries of inequality and want. Different inequalities affect different facets of wellness attention, but certain inequalities are besides linked to each other. This can be seen by the links between poorness and age or ethnicity, and this once more will change the services that are required. Health professionals can assist to alter these inequalities by working with single patients, groups of patients and community based enterprises. This will assist with the overall purpose of supplying equal attention to all facets of our really diverse population. Bibliography Amis, P. ( 1995 ) Urban poorness and employment. Environment and Urbanization 7, ( 1 ) 145-158 Barry, A.M. and Yuill, C. ( 2008 ) Understanding the sociology of wellness. 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications Borton, C. ( 2009 ) Poverty and mental wellness [ online ] available from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Poverty-and-Mental-Health.htm gt ; [ January 6th 2010 ] Burden, T. ( 2000 ) 1st edn. Poverty In Policy Response to Social Exclusion. erectile dysfunction. by Percy-Smith, J. Buckingham: Open University Press: 43-58 Carlisle, D. ( 2008 ) Smart moves [ online ] available from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.csp.org.uk/director/members/newsandanalysis/frontlinemagazine/archiveissues.cfm? ITEM_ID=7ACD9D4EEF07826C50B062EB5E5AEB96 A ; article= gt ; [ January 7th 2010 ] Graham, H. , Inskip, H.M. , Francis, B. and Harman, J. ( 2006 ) Pathways of disadvantage and smoking callings: Evidence and policy deductions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60, ( 2 ) ii7-ii12 Hutchinson, J. ( 2000 ) 1st edn. Urban policy and societal exclusion In Policy Response to Social Exclusion. erectile dysfunction. by Percy-Smith, J. Buckingham: Open University Press: 164-183 Killeen, D. ( 2008 ) Is poverty in the UK a denial of people s human rights? [ online ] available from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/2183.pdf gt ; [ January 7th 2010 ] Montgomery, S.M. , Cook, G.D. , Bartley, M.J. and Wadsworth, M.E.J. ( 1999 ) Unemployment pre-dates symptoms of depression and anxiousness ensuing in medical audience in immature work forces. International Journal of Epidemiology 28, ( 1 ) 95-100 Office for National Statistics ( 7/12/2004 ) Health: Manual workers die earlier than others [ on-line ] available from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=1007 gt ; [ 5th January 2010 ] Palmer, G. and Kenway, P. ( 30/4/2007 ) Poverty among cultural groups [ on-line ] available from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/2042-ethnicity-relative-poverty.pdf gt ; [ January 5th 2010 ] Townsend, P. ( 1979 ) Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books 31. Cited in Lister, R. ( 2004 ) Poverty. Great Britain, Polity Press 21.

Trade mark and Copy right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trade mark and Copy right - Essay Example Trade marks are registrable at state level and federal level in the U.S. Whenever any one wants to claim some thing as a trademark, he can use the words" TM" next to the trade mark to serve public or competitor as notice of his right over the same whether registered or not. Unregistered trademark is called common law trade mark giving right to the user who is manufacturer or seller by virtue of its use. If it is registered with the U.S. patent and Trademark Office, the symbol can be used beside the trademark and not while the application for trade mark reiteration is pending. Benefits of registering with federal agency are 1) it serves as a constructive notice throughout the country, 2) evidence that it is owned by the user, 3) invocation of federal courts jurisdictions, 4) it can be used for registration in foreign countries, and 5) if registration is field with U.S.customs which will be used for preventing entry of foreign goods infringing trademarks. (FindLaw) The legal basis of Tempur-Basic is that ComfortStep used by Real Man Boot Company is similar to their brand name 'Comfort-step' in their goods. Though it is not registered, they are alleged to be the first ever users of the said name. However close scrutiny of the names reveals that they are not similar. There is a hyphen between the word comfort and step in the claimant's trade mark where as there is no hyphen in the defendant's trade mark. More over goods are also not the same. Whereas the claimant is using it on casual wears, defendants are using it on work boots though both are foot wears. Position would be different had the claimant registered the trade mark stating that they are using in all their goods including boots. The right over the trade mark registered or not is perpetual. Hence claimant can not succeed in their claim. Question 2 A Describe the general duties of a director of a corporation, and the standards that a director is expected to meet in fulfilling those duties. Also describe what factors or interests you can consider in making decisions as a director. Originally, a director was expected to act only in the interest of share holders of the corporation. But of late, it is the acting in the best interest of the corporation that has to be taken into account before considering interest of the share holders. By virtue of section 302 A.251, subd 5, other stake holders' interests have also to be kept in mind by the director. The other stake holders are corporation's bankers, creditors, Government bodies, employees, and environment. The director should be loyal to the corporation by not competing with the corporation's business. Any thing that the director is accessible to in the affairs of the corporation should not be used by the director for self-serving personal enrichment. He is expected neither to use for personal gain nor disclose matters that are confidential to outsiders and rivals. The director must notify any conflicting interest he may be involved on which the company board must decide for the director to continue with or drop i t before taking director ship or before assuming any new role during his directorship. The director has the power to appoint or dismiss the CEO of the corporation and also decide his salaries. The director is responsible to declare dividends, work out strategies, and can restructure corporation's capital structure including class of share

The concept of beauty in anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The concept of beauty in anthropology - Essay Example Due to this it is considered a great challenge to find a uniform definition of beauty because what a person finds beautiful is not the same as another. Beauty is based on personal perspective and own concepts honed by own culture and society. It is a universal word but has many definitions and meaning. Scrotun (1) cited the idea of Pato and Plotinus that beauty is an ultimate value  ­Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œsomething that people pursue for its own sake and for the pursuit of which no further reason is needed to be given. As Santayan stated beauty is truth, the expression of the ideal, the symbol of divine perfection and the sensible manifestation of the good. According to Scruton (5) beauty pleases us, it is always a reason for attending to the thing that possesses it, and it is a subject-matter of judgement: the judgement of taste where it is all about beautiful objects not the subject’s statement of mind. Beauty is always associated with aesthetics and is always associated with arts. Stout as cited by Van Damme (40) defined aesthetic as a branch of philosophy dealing with the beautiful and the tests by which the beautiful may be judged. Beauty can be found in different works of art. Paintings on the wall that give joy to the audience; sculptures that please the eye and resonate the beauty that can be touched; and other works of art that are considered as important possessions because of beauty. According to Santayana (126), our judgment of aesthetic is intrinsic when based on the perception of beauty and based on the character of immediate experience and never consciously on the idea of eventual utilities of the object. Judgements about moral worth, on the contrary, are always based, when they are positive, upon the consciousness probably involved. However, in Africa, art forms are made to illustrate ugliness (Van Damme 41). This is the definition by the word anti-aesthetic introduced by R. Thomson

Various sources of finance Essay Example for Free

Various sources of finance Essay In addition to bank loans there is a range of alternative sources of finance available. At same time, a loan from a bank might not be the best way forward for every business. THESE ARE THE MOST POPULAR ROUTES: 1. Own finance – one can choose to start his own business by using his own financial resources. This may be from savings accounts or other investments that he has. Typically, it is not advised that one should fund his start-up from personal overdrafts, loans or credit cards as these are not necessarily tailored to your business needs or requirements. 2. Family and friends You may have family and friends who wish to invest in your business. This is often convenient and may allow you to get finance on favorable terms. However, make sure you have a formal agreement of loan terms in place so you or your family and friends are not left unprotected in the event that you are unable to repay the loan. 3. Banks: The most common forms of finance used by start-ups are: †¢Business overdrafts Banks offer overdrafts as a form of short-term finance. These are available to companies that have business current accounts. They are a good way of covering any fluctuations of money coming in and going out of your business. †¢Term loans Loans are designed to help you buy equipment and supplies for your business. They are best if you need to buy fixed assets, such as machinery or office equipment, where the amount you need is not going to change. 4. Grants These are a good option for businesses looking for financial assistance for specific projects. mostly, funding comes from EC and UK government sources, including local authorities, charitable trusts,( e.g. prince Charles trust funds) and corporate sponsors. Further on www.grantnet.com 5. Loans It is not just banks that can provide a loan. Business support organizations such as enterprise and development agencies can help businesses looking for loans. The National Enterprise Network is a good example: http://www.nationalenterprisenetwork.org/ 6. Business Angels Often high net worth individuals, Business Angels invest in high growth businesses on their own or as part of a syndicate. In addition to providing finance, Business Angels often make available to companies their own skills, experience and contacts. If you are interested in finding out if a Business Angel is right for you, visit: http:// www.businessangel.org

Women in Euripides Alcestis, Medea, Andromache, and Bacchae Essays

Euripides portrayal of women in his plays has been somewhat bizarre. His female characters kill out of revenge, kill out of jealousy and kill because a god possessed them too. In Alcestis and Andromache Euripides does produce classic heroic female characters. The women in Medea and The Bacchae are not your typical heroines but serve to show the same theme of female liberation as the women in Alcestis and Andromache. While Alcestis is straight forward with its message, the other three plays mask their true intentions from the people they are created to oppose. Euripides might have been misinterpreted by his society because it was dominated by the very people he wrote his plays against. Euripides disguises some of his radical ideas to those who might oppose him and in Alcestis, Andromache, Medea, and The Bacchae shows his female characters being liberated from oppression. In Alcestis we have the heroic female character Alcestis. She dies as a sacrifice to Death so that her husband, Admetus, can escape his own fate when his time comes. A sign that women are oppressed is that Admetus picked his wife to die for him without giving it much thought. It was only after he realized how loving and caring this woman can be, did he regret his decision. Not only did he regret the decision made with the god Apollo, but Apollo himself goes and has a talk with Death. This switch in the opinion of Admetus in a way expresses the fact that women are not viewed as they should be. Women should not be treated as if they have no useful value, as was the case when Admetus first allowed his wife to be his sacrifice, a decision that he would not have made if he had known the woman for more time. Women therefore should be valued more than they are now,... ... have committed were done against men as of the results of mans oppression against women. Euripides could have been telling the truth about his time, the tales of murderous women who seek revenge on their husbands, and the men of the his time might have tolerated this view. The point that might have escaped the men of Euripides' time was that he was pointing the finger at them. This accusation of men was hidden in his plays. Euripides masked such accusations as rants by crazed females. In a culture where disrespecting woman was in the norm, Euripides highlighted what could go wrong with such disrespect. The only reason that the people of Euripides' time might have not understood his point was that they saw no wrong being done in disrespecting women. How can people be afraid of the results of a mistake if they do not realize they made the mistake in the first place?

Introduction for “Piaget †Stages of cognitive development” Essay

Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) proposed the idea of the four stages of childhood cognitive development. These are age-related stages and refer to certain accomplishments that should be achieved, by the child, at the end of each stage. The first stage of cognitive development is the Sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to around two years of age. During this stage, children learn to coordinate their senses (hearing, sight, touch etc.) with their motor abilities. From two to seven years is the Pre-operational stage. Children of this age become capable of more sophisticated thinking. The Concrete operational stage lasts from about seven years of age to about twelve. These children put together what they have already learnt, with knowledge gained from new experiences. The final stage of cognitive development identified by Piaget, is the Formal operational stage. This lasts from twelve years of age onwards. People in this stage are capable of more complex thought processes. During the Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 years), children should develop an understanding of the principle of conservation. Conservation refers to the idea that if an object alters its shape or appearance, its volume, mass, length or area will not change. A child with an understanding of conservation should be able to think logically and see that these qualities have not changed, even if they appear to have done so. Achievement of conservation of mass can be demonstrated with two small balls of plasticine. A child is shown the plasticine and agrees that the balls are the same size. One of the balls is then squashed down. A pre-concrete operational child will probably decide that the ‘squashed’ ball is bigger, while a child at the Concrete operational stage should acknowledge that they are still the same weight or mass. This illustrates the ability of the child to understand how the object has changed, not only see the beginning and end result.